Role of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype Switching in Arteriogenesis.

Arteriogenesis is one of the primary physiological means by which the circulatory collateral system restores blood flow after significant arterial occlusion in peripheral arterial disease patients. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the predominant cell type in collateral arteries and respond to altered blood flow and inflammatory conditions after an arterial occlusion by switching their phenotype between quiescent contractile and proliferative synthetic states. Maintaining the contractile state of VSMC is required for collateral vascular function to regulate blood vessel tone and blood flow during arteriogenesis, whereas synthetic SMCs are crucial in the growth and remodeling of the collateral media layer to establish more stable conduit arteries. Timely VSMC phenotype switching requires a set of coordinated actions of molecular and cellular mediators to result in an expansive remodeling of collaterals that restores the blood flow effectively into downstream ischemic tissues. This review overviews the role of VSMC phenotypic switching in the physiological arteriogenesis process and how the VSMC phenotype is affected by the primary triggers of arteriogenesis such as blood flow hemodynamic forces and inflammation. Better understanding the role of VSMC phenotype switching during arteriogenesis can identify novel therapeutic strategies to enhance revascularization in peripheral arterial disease.

Mechanical thrombectomy in patients with stroke due to large vessel occlusion in the anterior circulation and low baseline NIHSS score.

We sought to verify the benefit of mechanical thrombectomy in patients with acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion in the anterior circulation and low National Institute of Health stroke scale score at presentation. The prospective database of our stroke center was screened for patients with acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion and a baseline National Institute of Health stroke scale score ≤5 that had undergone mechanical thrombectomy. Outcome measures were the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at 90 days, brain bleeding events and death at 90 days. Out of 459 patients, 17 (12 females, mean age 70 ± 14 years) with occlusion of M1 or M2 segment of middle cerebral artery and baseline National Institute of Health stroke scale score ≤5 underwent mechanical thrombectomy. Eight patients (47%) were treated within 6 hours from the onset, 5 (29%) were treated beyond 6 hours, and 4 (24%) were wake-up strokes. Effective mechanical thrombectomy was achieved in 16 patients (94%) and associated with excellent functional outcomes at 3 months (mRS 0-1) in 13 (76%). The asymptomatic brain-bleeding event was observed in one patient 4 days after effective mechanical thrombectomy concerning safety issues. One patient died 1 month after mechanical thrombectomy of a cause unrelated to stroke. Our findings favor a potential benefit of mechanical thrombectomy in patients with stroke due to large vessel occlusion and low National Institute of Health stroke scale score at presentation. These patients may also benefit from a prolonged time window for treatment.

Recurrent idiopathic carotid and coronary artery vasospasm treated by stent implantations.

Arterial vasospasm is a well known cause of ischemia and, if prolonged, of parenchymal infarction. The clinical presentation varies according to the involved arterial district. We describe a rare case, which occurred in a young lady, of recurrent and multisystem vasospasm, resulting in multiple cerebral and myocardial infarctions. Our patient was resistant to medical therapy, requiring stent implantation of the involved vessels.

US Velocimetry in Participants with Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease.

Background The accurate quantification of blood flow in aortoiliac arteries is challenging but clinically relevant because local flow patterns can influence atherosclerotic disease. Purpose To investigate the feasibility and clinical application of two-dimensional blood flow quantification using high-frame-rate contrast-enhanced US (HFR-CEUS) and particle image velocimetry (PIV), or US velocimetry, in participants with aortoiliac stenosis. Materials and Methods In this prospective study, participants with a recently diagnosed aortoiliac stenosis underwent HFR-CEUS measurements of the pre- and poststenotic vessel segments (August 2018 to July 2019). Two-dimensional quantification of blood flow was achieved by performing PIV analysis, which was based on pairwise cross-correlation of the HFR-CEUS images. Visual inspection of the entire data set was performed by five observers to evaluate the ability of the technique to enable adequate visualization of blood flow. The contrast-to-background ratio and average vector correlation were calculated. In two participants who showed flow disturbances, the flow complexity and vorticity were calculated. Results Thirty-five participants (median age, 67 years; age range, 56-84 years; 22 men) were included. Visual scoring showed that flow quantification was achieved in 41 of 42 locations. In 25 locations, one or multiple issues occurred that limited optimal flow quantification, including loss of correlation during systole (n = 12), shadow regions (n = 8), a short vessel segment in the image plane (n = 7), and loss of contrast during diastole (n = 5). In the remaining 16 locations, optimal quantification was achieved. The contrast-to-background ratio was higher during systole than during diastole (11.0 ± 2.9 vs 6.9 ± 3.4, respectively; P < .001), whereas the vector correlation was lower (0.58 ± 0.21 vs 0.47 ± 0.13; P < .001). The flow complexity and vorticity were high in regions with disturbed flow. Conclusion Blood flow quantification with US velocimetry is feasible in patients with an aortoiliac stenosis, but several challenges must be overcome before implementation into clinical practice. Clinical trial registration no. NTR6980 © RSNA, 2021 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Significance of Hall currents on hybrid nano-blood flow through an inclined artery having mild stenosis: Homotopy perturbation approach.

The rheological perspective of blood flow with the suspension of metallic or non-metallic nanoparticles through arteries having cardiovascular diseases is getting more attention due to momentous applications in obstructed hemodynamics, nano-hemodynamics, nano-pharmacology, blood purification system, treatment of hemodynamic ailments, etc. Motivated by the novel significance and research in this direction, a mathematical hemodynamics model is developed to mimic the hemodynamic features of blood flow under the concentration of hybrid nanoparticles through an inclined artery with mild stenosis in the existence of dominating electromagnetic field force, Hall currents, heat source, and porous substance. Copper (Cu) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles are submerged into the blood to form hybrid nano-blood suspension (Cu-CuO/blood). The attribute of the medium porosity on the blood flow is featured by Darcy's law. The mathematical equations describing the flow are formulated and simplified under mild stenosis and small Reynolds number assumptions. To determine the analytical solution of the resulting nonlinear momentum equation, the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) is employed. Several figures are graphed to assess the hemodynamical contributions of various intricate physical parameters on blood flow phenomena through the inclined stenosed artery. Significant outcomes from graphical elucidation envisage that the hemodynamic resistance to the blood flow is reduced due to the dispersion of more hybrid nanoparticles in the blood. The hemodynamic resistance (impedance) increases approximately two times by dispersing 0.11% hybrid nanoparticles in the blood flow. The temperature of Cu-CuO/blood is found to be lower in comparison to Cu-blood and pure blood. Intensification of Hall parameter attenuates the wall shear stress at the arterial wall. The trapping phenomena are also outlined via streamline plots which exemplify the blood flow pattern in the stenosed artery under the variation of the emerging parameters. As anticipated, the addition of a large number of hybrid nanoparticles significantly modulates the blood flow pattern in the stenotic region. The novel feature of this model is the impressive impact of Hall currents on hybrid nanoparticle doped blood flow through the stenosed artery. There is another piece of significance is that HPM is the most suitable method to handle the nonlinear momentum equation under the aforementioned flow constraints. Outcomes of this simulation may be valuable for advanced study and research in biomedical engineering, bio-nanofluid mechanics, nano-pharmacodynamics.

Acute abdominal aortic occlusion: A 16-year single-center experience.

BACKGROUND: Acute abdominal aortic occlusion (AAO) is a rare vascular emergency associated with high morbidity and mortality. In the present study, we analyzed the clinical management and outcomes for a consecutive patient series during a 16-year period. METHODS: We included all patients with an acute AAO and bilateral acute limb ischemia who had been treated between 2004 and 2019. Patients with dissection, aneurysm rupture, or chronic occlusive disease were excluded. The patient characteristics, surgical procedures, and outcomes were extracted retrospectively from a prospective aortic database, electronic patient files, and outpatient examination records. The extent of ischemia was classified according to the TASC II (Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease) section on acute limb ischemia. The primary endpoints were 30-day mortality (safety endpoint) and the combined 6-month amputation and/or death rate (efficacy endpoint). The follow-up outcomes, amputation rates, and 30-day complications were evaluated as secondary endpoints. The patient cohort was divided into four 4-year groups (2004-2007, 2008-2011, 2012-2015, 2016-2019) to assess the outcome changes over time. Statistical analysis included χ2 tests and univariate and linear regression analyses. RESULTS: A total of 74 patients (57% male; median age, 64.5 years) with an acute AAO were identified. Arterial thrombosis was the most common etiology (66%). The extent of ischemia was TASC I, IIa, IIb, and III in 7%, 39%, 40%, and 14%, respectively. The patient numbers had increased significantly over time (P = .016). Of the patients, 42% had undergone open transfemoral recanalization (including hybrid procedures), 35% open aortic surgery, 15% extra-anatomic bypass surgery, and 5% (four patients) endovascular therapy alone. The overall 30-day mortality rate was 23%, and the 6-month amputation and/or death rate was 43%. The 30-day mortality rate had declined significantly from 54% for 2004 to 2007 to 10% for 2011 to 2015 (odds ratio [OR], 0.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.001-0.52) and 20% for 2016 to 2019 (OR, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.05-0.90), a statistically nonsignificant trend showing that the relative decline in the use of open aortic procedures was associated with decreased 30-day mortality (P = .06). Univariate analysis indicated that elevated serum lactate on admission (OR, 3.33; 95% CI, 1.06-10.48) and an advanced stage of limb ischemia (OR, 4.33), were strongly associated with an increased 30-day mortality rate. The incidence of severe postoperative systemic complications also indicated a greater incidence of both primary endpoints. The 6-month amputation and/or mortality rates were also affected by the presence of atrial fibrillation (OR, 3.63; 95% CI, 1.34-9.79) and increased patient age (OR, 3.96; 95% CI, 1.49-10.53). CONCLUSIONS: Acute AAO remains a life-threatening emergency. Immediate transfemoral open or endovascular techniques should be preferred, if technically possible and proper intraoperative imaging is available.

Open Thrombectomy for Acute Abdominal Aortic Occlusion Due to Tumor Embolism after Lung Resection.

Arterial tumor embolization is a rare but often catastrophic complication of lung resection for malignancy. This case describes tumor embolization to the abdominal aorta in a patient with metastatic sarcoma. After partial pneumonectomy he developed acute kidney injury, bilateral lower limb ischemia and spinal cord ischemia. Computed tomography angiogram demonstrated complete occlusion of the paravisceral aorta. Perfusion was restored with open thromboembolectomies of the abdominal aorta, superior mesenteric artery and bilateral lower limbs. For perioperative lung cancer patients with acute arterial occlusion intraluminal tumor should be considered and thereby an open approach to revascularisation adopted.

Bilateral brachial artery infiltration by tumoral calcinosis: A case report.

We, herein, presented a rare case of bilateral brachial artery infiltration by tumoral calcinosis located on both elbows. A 58-yearold man presented with a history of painless, palpable solid mass restricting the range of motion of both elbows. These masses were located on the anterior aspect of the elbows and gradually enlarged. After clinical, laboratory and radiological examinations, tumoral calcinosis was suspected, and excisional biopsy was planned for a definite diagnosis. Surgery was first performed on the left elbow. The median nerve was found to be compressed but not infiltrated by the mass. Interestingly, the brachial artery was totally infiltrated throughout the entire mass. Occlusion was observed in the brachial artery located within the mass. The tumor on the left elbow, 8.5 × 5.5 × 2.5 cm in size, was totally excised with approximately 12-cm brachial artery segment. The artery was resected until the healthy tissue was reached. The defect was reconstructed with saphenous vein graft obtained from the ipsilateral lower extremity. The same surgical procedure was performed on the right elbow after 3 months. The tumor size on the right elbow was 7 × 3.5 × 1.7 cm. Approximately 15-cm brachial artery segment was excised, and the defect was reconstructed with saphenous vein graft. Tumoral calcinosis is a rare benign condition that can be located in close relationship with neurovascular structures. In such cases, detailed neurologic and vascular examination, including imaging modalities, for arterial flow is essential to establish a more accurate surgical plan and avoid any unexpected situation during surgery.

Computed Tomography Perfusion Deficit Volumes Predict Functional Outcome in Patients With Basilar Artery Occlusion.

Background and Purpose: Basilar artery occlusion is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Optimal imaging and treatment strategy are still controversial and prognosis estimation challenging. We, therefore, aimed to determine the predictive value of computed tomography perfusion (CTP) parameters for functional outcome in patients with basilar artery occlusion in the context of endovascular treatment. Methods: Patients with basilar artery occlusion who underwent endovascular treatment were selected from a prospectively acquired cohort. Ischemic changes were assessed with the posterior-circulation Acute Stroke Prognosis Early Computed Tomography Score on noncontrast computed tomography, computed tomography angiography (CTA) source images, and CTP maps. Basilar artery on CTA score, posterior-circulation CTA score, and posterior-circulation collateral score were evaluated on CTA. Perfusion deficit volumes were quantified on CTP maps. Good functional outcome was defined as modified Rankin Scale score ≤3 at 90 days. Statistical analysis included binary logistic regressions and receiver operating characteristics analyses. Results: Among 49 patients who matched the inclusion criteria, 24 (49.0%) achieved a good outcome. In univariate analysis, age, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score on admission, posterior cerebral artery involvement, absence of or hypoplastic posterior communicating arteries, basilar artery on CTA score, posterior-circulation Acute Stroke Prognosis Early Computed Tomography Score, and perfusion deficit volumes on all CTP parameter maps presented significant association with functional outcome (P<0.05). In multivariate analyses, Basilar artery on CTA score, posterior-circulation Acute Stroke Prognosis Early Computed Tomography Score (odds ratio range, 1.31­2.10 [95% CI, 1.00­7.24]), and perfusion deficit volumes on all CTP maps (odds ratio range, 0.77­0.98 [95% CI, 0.63­1.00]) remained as independent outcome predictors. Cerebral blood flow deficit volume yielded the best performance for the classification of good clinical outcome with an area under the curve of 0.92 (95% CI, 0.84­0.99). Age and admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale had lower discriminatory power (area under the curve, <0.7). Conclusions: CTP imaging parameters contain prognostic information for functional outcome in patients with stroke due to basilar artery occlusion and may identify patients with higher risk of disability at an early stage of hospitalization.

Popliteal Artery Thrombosis in a Young Patient Secondary to Proximal Tibial Osteochondroma.

Popliteal artery occlusion is mainly seen in elderly patients with late stage atherosclerotic occlusive disease. In young, nonsmoking patients, popliteal artery occlusion can be caused by a variety of other etiologies. The diagnosis is suspected clinically and confirmed with ultrasound, computed tomography angiogram (CTA) or angiography, which can also aid in understanding the underlying cause. We present a 40-year-old very active male, who developed progressive symptoms of claudication over a 4 months interval and was found to have a thrombosed popliteal artery secondary to external compression from a tibial osteochondroma. The patient was treated with in-situ saphenous vein bypass from the above knee popliteal artery to the anterior tibial artery. The bypass was widely patent at 24 months.

Quantitative laser speckle auto-inverse covariance imaging for robust estimation of blood flow.

We present a quantitative model to provide robust estimation of the decorrelation time using laser speckle auto-inverse covariance. It has the advantages of independence from the statistical sample size, speckle size, static scattering, and detector noise. We have shown cerebral blood flow imaging through an intact mouse skull using this model. Phantom experiments and two animal models, middle cerebral artery occlusion, and cortical spreading depression were used to evaluate its performance.

Covered Stents for Endovascular Treatment of Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

PURPOSE: The treatment of aortoiliac occlusive disease (AIOD) has largely shifted to endovascular techniques, with primary stenting constituting the preferred treatment approach. The goal of the current study was to summarize available literature and to determine whether covered stents are superior to bare metal stents for the treatment of AIOD, in terms of both periprocedural and long-term outcomes. METHODS: A meta-analysis of 47 studies was conducted with the use of random effects modeling. The incidence of adverse events during follow up among the individual included studies was synthesized. RESULTS: Most of the lesions were located at the common iliac arteries and were chronic total occlusions. The procedure was technically successful in almost all cases in both groups, with a low rate of periprocedural complications observed in both groups. The reported primary patency rates for the non-covered and covered stent group during an average follow up of 24.3 months among the individual studies, were 84% and 92% respectively, while surgical or endovascular re-intervention was required in 10% of non-covered stent cases and in 6% of covered stent cases. Eight studies comparing covered vs non-covered stents in terms of patency demonstrated superiority of covered stents (OR: 2.47; 95% CI: 1.01-6.01; p = 0.047 Combining TASC C/D lesions together 12 studies reported 92% (95%CI:89%-95%) primary patency in the covered stent group, while 7 studies reported 75% (95%CI: 60%-88%) primary patency for cases treated with non-covered stents. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that covered stents are safe and effective when utilized for the treatment of AIOD. Covered stents were associated with a statistically significant higher odds of primary patency in both the overall cohort and in more complex TASC C/D lesions. However, additional high-quality comparative analyses between covered vs bare metal stents and between several types of covered stents are needed to determine the most optimal treatment modality for AIOD.

Automated Image Fusion Guidance during Endovascular Aorto-Iliac Procedures: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: The benefits of imaging guidance using a new fully automated fusion process (CYDAR) have been demonstrated during endovascular aortic aneurysm repair, but little is known about its use during aorto-iliac occlusive disease endovascular revascularization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of CYDAR image fusion guidance during endovascular treatment of symptomatic aorto-iliac occlusive lesions, compared with control patients treated using standard 2D fluoroscopy alone. METHODS: This is a single-center randomized controlled pilot study that recruited patients undergoing aorto-iliac endovascular revascularization. RESULTS: Between January 2019 and February 2020, 37 patients with symptomatic aorto-iliac lesions were enrolled: 18 were assigned to the fusion group and 19 to the control group. Patients and lesions characteristics were well balanced between both study groups. The technical success of the procedure was 100% in the Fusion group and 94% in the control group. All radiation-related parameters were lower in the fusion compared to the control group, including: median DAP 18.5 Gy.cm2 vs. 21.8 Gy.cm2; Air Kerma 0.10 Gy vs. 0.12 Gy; fluoroscopy dose 4.2 Gy.cm2 vs. 5.1 Gy.cm2; and number of DSA 7.5 vs. 8. The volume of iodinated contrast used was higher in the fusion group: 41 mL vs. 30 mL. The total procedure time was the same in both groups:60 min vs. 60 min. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this pilot study suggest the use of fusion imaging in endovascular treatment of aorto-iliac disease results in reduction in radiation-related measured parameters with no change in procedure time and higher doses of iodinated contrast used. These results need to be further investigated in a larger, adequately powered study.

Endovascular Treatment of Persistent Sciatic Artery Occlusion: Case Report and Literature Review.

Persistent sciatic artery (PSA) is a rare congenital anatomic variant of the lower limb vascular system with highly variable presentations. The management of lower limb ischemia due to PSA disease is not specifically recommended in guidelines, and surgical by-pass is usually the most described treatment. We reported a case of a 46-year-old patient with bilateral PSA and right chronic limb-threatening ischemia due to PSA occlusion at the PSA-popliteal junction which was successfully treated with percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty. In addition to this case report, a systematic review of the literature regarding the endovascular management of PSA stenosis and occlusion was conducted.

The slope of cerebral oxyhemoglobin oscillation is associated with vascular reserve capacity in large artery steno-occlusion.

Inadequate cerebral perfusion is a risk factor for cerebral ischemia in patients with large artery steno-occlusion. We investigated whether prefrontal oxyhemoglobin oscillation (ΔHbO2, 0.6-2 Hz) was associated with decreased vascular reserve in patients with steno-occlusion in the large anterior circulation arteries. Thirty-six patients with steno-occlusion in the anterior circulation arteries (anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, and internal carotid artery) were included and compared to thirty-six control subjects. Patients were categorized into two groups (deteriorated vascular reserve vs. preserved vascular reserve) based on the results of Diamox single- photon emission computed tomography imaging. HbO2 data were collected using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. The slope of ΔHbO2 and the ipsilateral/contralateral slope ratio of ΔHbO2 were analyzed. Among the included patients (n = 36), 25 (69.4%) had deteriorated vascular reserve. Patients with deteriorated vascular reserve had a significantly higher average slope of ΔHbO2 on the ipsilateral side (5.01 ± 2.14) and a higher ipsilateral/contralateral ratio (1.44 ± 0.62) compared to those with preserved vascular reserve (3.17 ± 1.36, P = 0.014; 0.93 ± 0.33, P = 0.016, respectively) or the controls (3.82 ± 1.69, P = 0.019; 0.94 ± 0.29, P = 0.001). The ipsilateral/contralateral ΔHbO2 ratio could be used as a surrogate for vascular reserve in patients with severe steno-occlusion in the anterior circulation arteries.

Splanchnic occlusive disease predicts for spinal cord injury after open descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair.

OBJECTIVE: In the present study, we sought to discern the effects of splanchnic occlusive disease (SOD; renal, superior mesenteric, and/or celiac axis arteries) on spinal cord injury (SCI; paraparesis or paraplegia) and major adverse events (MAE) after descending thoracic aneurysm (DTA) and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) open repair. METHODS: Patients who had undergone DTA/TAAA repair at our institution were dichotomized according to the presence of SOD, which was investigated as a predictive factor of our primary (SCI) and secondary (operative mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, tracheostomy, de novo dialysis, MAE, survival) endpoints. Risk adjustment used both propensity score matching and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: From July 1997 to October 2019, 888 patients had undergone DTA/TAAA repair, of whom 19 were excluded from our analysis for missing data. SOD was absent in 712 patients and present in 157 patients. The patients with SOD had presented with a greater incidence of preoperative renal impairment (61 [38.9%] vs 175 [24.6%]; P < .01) and peripheral arterial disease (60 [38.2%] vs 162 [22.8%]; P < .01] and decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (45%; interquartile range, 10%; vs 50%; interquartile range, 4%; P < .01). The etiology of aortic disease was more frequently dissection in the SOD group (56.1% vs 43.7%) and more frequently nondissecting aneurysm in the non-SOD group (56.3% vs 43.9%; P < .01). Patients without SOD had presented with aneurysms more cranially located (DTA, 34.0% vs 7.6%; extent I TAAA, 44.0% vs 7.6%). In contrast, patients with SOD had presented with aneurysms more caudally located (extent II TAAA, 36.9% vs 8.6%; extent III TAAA, 30.6% vs 11.0%; extent IV TAAA, 17.2% vs 2.5%; P < .01). Propensity score matching led to 144 pairs, with SOD significantly associated with SCI (10 [6.9%] vs 2 [1.4%]; P = .03) and MAE (47 [32.6%] vs 26 [15%]; P < .01). Ten-year survival was reduced in those with SOD (31.5% vs 45.2%; P < .01). Conditional multivariable regression confirmed SOD to be a predictor of SCI in the matched sample (odds ratio, 6.60; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: Our results have shown that SOD is a significant predictor of SCI in patients undergoing open DTA/TAAA repair. The investigation of measures to prolong neuronal ischemia tolerance (eg, hypothermia) is warranted for such patients.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-induced acute aortic occlusion: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection can lead to a constellation of viral and immune symptoms called coronavirus disease 2019. Emerging literature increasingly supports the premise that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 promotes a prothrombotic milieu. However, to date there have been no reports of acute aortic occlusion, itself a rare phenomenon. We report a case of fatal acute aortic occlusion in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019. CASE REPORT: A 59-year-old Caucasian male with past medical history of peripheral vascular disease presented to the emergency department for evaluation of shortness of breath, fevers, and dry cough. His symptoms started 5-7 days prior to the emergency department visit, and he received antibiotics in the outpatient setting without any effect. He was found to be febrile, tachypneic, and hypoxemic. He was placed on supplemental oxygen via a non-rebreather mask. Chest X-ray showed multifocal opacifications. Intravenous antibiotics for possible pneumonia were initiated. Hydroxychloroquine was initiated to cover possible coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia. During the hospitalization, the patient became progressively hypoxemic, for which he was placed on bilevel positive airway pressure. D-dimer, ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase, and C-reactive protein were all elevated. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was positive. On day 3, the patient was upgraded to the intensive care unit. Soon after he was intubated, he developed a mottled appearance of skin, which extended from his bilateral feet up to the level of the subumbilical plane. Bedside ultrasound revealed an absence of flow from the mid-aorta to both common iliac arteries. The patient was evaluated emergently by vascular surgery. After a discussion with the family, it was decided to proceed with comfort-directed care, and the patient died later that day. DISCUSSION: Viral infections have been identified as a source of prothrombotic states due to direct injury of vascular tissue and inflammatory cascades. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 appears to follow a similar pattern, with numerous institutions identifying elevated levels of thrombotic complications. We believe that healthcare providers should be aware of both venous and arterial thrombotic complications associated with coronavirus disease 2019, including possible fatal outcome.